.. _wiki2_adding_authorization: ==================== Adding Authorization ==================== Our application currently allows anyone with access to the server to view, edit, and add pages to our wiki. For purposes of demonstration we'll change our application to allow people whom possess a specific username (`editor`) to add and edit wiki pages but we'll continue allowing anyone with access to the server to view pages. :mod:`repoze.bfg` provides facilities for *authorization* and *authentication*. We'll make use of both features to provide security to our application. Adding A Root Factory --------------------- We're going to start to use a custom :term:`root factory` within our ``run.py`` file. The objects generated by the root factory will be used as the :term:`context` of each request to our application. In order for :mod:`repoze.bfg` declarative security to work properly, the context object generated during a request must be decorated with security declarations; when we begin to use a custom root factory to generate our contexts, we can begin to make use of the declarative security features of :mod:`repoze.bfg`. Let's modify our ``run.py``, passing in a :term:`root factory` as the first argument to ``repoze.bfg.router.make_app``. We'll point it at a new class we create inside our ``models.py`` file. Add the following statements to your ``models.py`` file: .. code-block:: python from repoze.bfg.security import Allow from repoze.bfg.security import Everyone class RootFactory(object): __acl__ = [ (Allow, Everyone, 'view'), (Allow, 'editor', 'edit') ] def __init__(self, request): self.__dict__.update(request.matchdict) The ``RootFactory`` class we've just added will be used by :mod:`repoze.bfg` to construct a ``context`` object. The context is attached to our request as the ``context`` attribute. All of our context objects will possess an ``__acl__`` attribute that allows "Everyone" (a special principal) to view all pages, while allowing only a user named ``editor`` to edit and add pages. The ``__acl__`` attribute attached to a context is interpreted specially by :mod:`repoze.bfg` as an access control list during view execution. See :ref:`assigning_acls` for more information about what an :term:`ACL` represents. .. note: Although we don't use the functionality here, the ``factory`` used to create route contexts may differ per-route as opposed to globally. See the ``factory`` attribute in :ref:`route_zcml_directive` for more info. We'll pass the ``RootFactory`` we created in the step above in as the first argument to ``make_app``. When we're done, your application's ``run.py`` will look like this. .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/run.py :linenos: :language: python Configuring a ``repoze.bfg`` Authentication Policy -------------------------------------------------- For any :mod:`repoze.bfg` application to perform authorization, we need to add a ``security.py`` module and we'll need to change our :term:`application registry` to add an :term:`authentication policy` and an :term:`authorization policy`. Changing ``configure.zcml`` ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We'll change our ``configure.zcml`` file to enable an ``AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy`` and an ``ACLAuthorizationPolicy`` to enable declarative security checking. We'll also add a ``forbidden`` stanza. This configures our login view to show up when :mod:`repoze.bfg` detects that a view invocation can not be authorized. We'll also change ``configure.zcml`` to add a ``forbidden`` stanza which points at our login view. This configures our newly created login view to show up when :mod:`repoze.bfg` detects that a view invocation can not be authorized. Also, we'll add ``view_permission`` attributes with the value ``edit`` to the ``edit_page`` and ``add_page`` routes. This indicates that the views which these routes reference cannot be invoked without the authenticated user possessing the ``edit`` permission with respect to the current context. When you're done, your ``configure.zcml`` will look like so .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/configure.zcml :linenos: :language: xml Adding ``security.py`` ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Add a ``security.py`` module within your package (in the same directory as "run.py", "views.py", etc) with the following content: The groupfinder defined here is an authorization policy "callback"; it is a a callable that accepts a userid and a request. If the userid exists in the system, the callback will return a sequence of group identifiers (or an empty sequence if the user isn't a member of any groups). If the userid *does not* exist in the system, the callback will return ``None``. We'll use "dummy" data to represent user and groups sources. When we're done, your application's ``security.py`` will look like this. .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/security.py :linenos: :language: python Adding Login and Logout Views ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We'll add a ``login`` view which renders a login form and processes the post from the login form, checking credentials. We'll also add a ``logout`` view to our application and provide a link to it. This view will clear the credentials of the logged in user and redirect back to the front page. We'll add a different file (for presentation convenience) to add login and logout views. Add a file named ``login.py`` to your application (in the same directory as ``views.py``) with the following content: .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/login.py :linenos: :language: python Changing Existing Views ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Then we need to change each of our ``view_page``, ``edit_page`` and ``add_page`` views in ``views.py`` to pass a "logged in" parameter into its template. We'll add something like this to each view body: .. code-block:: python :linenos: logged_in = authenticated_userid(request) We'll then change the return value of these views to pass the `resulting `logged_in`` value to the template, e.g.: .. code-block:: python :linenos: return dict(page = page, content = content, logged_in = logged_in, edit_url = edit_url) Adding the ``login.pt`` Template ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Add a ``login.pt`` template to your templates directory. It's referred to within the login view we just added to ``login.py``. .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/templates/login.pt :linenos: :language: xml Change ``view.pt`` and ``edit.pt`` ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We'll also need to change our ``edit.pt`` and ``view.pt`` templates to display a "Logout" link if someone is logged in. This link will invoke the logout view. To do so we'll add this to both templates within the ``
`` div: .. code-block:: xml :linenos: Logout Viewing the Application in a Browser ------------------------------------ Once we've set up the WSGI pipeline properly, we can finally examine our application in a browser. The views we'll try are as follows: - Visiting `http://localhost:6543/ `_ in a browser invokes the ``view_wiki`` view. This always redirects to the ``view_page`` view of the FrontPage page object. It is executable by any user. - Visiting `http://localhost:6543/FrontPage `_ in a browser invokes the ``view_page`` view of the FrontPage page object. - Visiting `http://localhost:6543/FrontPage/edit_page `_ in a browser invokes the edit view for the FrontPage object. It is executable by only the ``editor`` user. If a different user (or the anonymous user) invokes it, a login form will be displayed. Supplying the credentials with the username ``editor``, password ``editor`` will display the edit page form. - Visiting `http://localhost:6543/add_page/SomePageName `_ in a browser invokes the add view for a page. It is executable by only the ``editor`` user. If a different user (or the anonymous user) invokes it, a login form will be displayed. Supplying the credentials with the username ``editor``, password ``editor`` will display the edit page form. Seeing Our Changes To ``views.py`` and our Templates ---------------------------------------------------- Our ``views.py`` module will look something like this when we're done: .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/views.py :linenos: :language: python Our ``edit.pt`` template will look something like this when we're done: .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/templates/edit.pt :linenos: :language: xml Our ``view.pt`` template will look something like this when we're done: .. literalinclude:: src/authorization/tutorial/templates/view.pt :linenos: :language: xml Revisiting the Application --------------------------- When we revisit the application in a browser, and log in (as a result of hitting an edit or add page and submitting the login form with the ``editor`` credentials), we'll see a Logout link in the upper right hand corner. When we click it, we're logged out, and redirected back to the front page.