.. _glossary: Glossary ======== .. glossary:: :sorted: request A ``WebOb`` request object. See :ref:`webob_chapter` (narrative) and :ref:`request_module` (API documentation) for information about request objects. request factory An object which, provided a WSGI environment as a single positional argument, returns a ``WebOb`` compatible request. response An object that has three attributes: ``app_iter`` (representing an iterable body), ``headerlist`` (representing the http headers sent to the user agent), and ``status`` (representing the http status string sent to the user agent). This is the interface defined for ``WebOb`` response objects. See :ref:`webob_chapter` for information about response objects. Repoze "Repoze" is essentially a "brand" of software developed by `Agendaless Consulting `_ and a set of contributors. The term has no special intrinsic meaning. The project's `website `_ has more information. The software developed "under the brand" is available in a `Subversion repository `_. setuptools `Setuptools `_ builds on Python's ``distutils`` to provide easier building, distribution, and installation of libraries and applications. pkg_resources A module which ships with :term:`setuptools` that provides an API for addressing "resource files" within Python packages. Resource files are static files, template files, etc; basically anything non-Python-source that lives in a Python package can be considered a resource file. See also `PkgResources `_ resource Any file contained within a Python :term:`package` which is *not* a Python source code file. resource specification A colon-delimited identifier for a :term:`resource`. The colon separates a Python :term:`package` name from a package subpath. For example, the resource specification ``my.package:static/baz.css`` identifies the file named ``baz.css`` in the ``static`` subdirectory of the ``my.package`` Python :term:`package`. package A directory on disk which contains an ``__init__.py`` file, making it recognizable to Python as a location which can be ``import`` -ed. project (Setuptools/distutils terminology). A directory on disk which contains a ``setup.py`` file and one or more Python packages. The ``setup.py`` file contains code that allows the package(s) to be installed, distributed, and tested. distribution (Setuptools/distutils terminology). A file representing an installable library or application. Distributions are usually files that have the suffix of ``.egg``, ``.tar.gz``, or ``.zip``. Distributions are the target of Setuptools commands such as ``easy_install``. entry point A :term:`setuptools` indirection, defined within a setuptools :term:`distribution` setup.py. It is usually a name which refers to a function somewhere in a package which is held by the distribution. dotted Python name A reference to a Python object by name using a string, in the form ``path.to.modulename:attributename``. Often used in Paste and setuptools configurations. A variant is used in dotted names within :term:`ZCML` attributes that name objects (such as the ZCML "view" directive's "view" attribute): the colon (``:``) is not used; in its place is a dot. view Common vernacular for a :term:`view callable`. view callable A "view callable" is a callable Python object which is associated with a :term:`view configuration`; it returns a :term:`response` object . A view callable accepts a single argument: ``request``, which will be an instance of a :term:`request` object. An alternate calling convention allows a view to be defined as a callable which accepts a pair of arguments: ``context`` and ``request``: this calling convention is useful for traversal-based applications in which a :term:`context` is always very important. A view callable is the primary mechanism by which a developer writes user interface code within :mod:`repoze.bfg`. See :ref:`views_chapter` for more information about :mod:`repoze.bfg` view callables. view configuration View configuration is the act of associating a :term:`view callable` with configuration information. This configuration information helps map a given :term:`request` to a particular view callable and it can influence the response of a view callable. :mod:`repoze.bfg` views can be configured via :term:`imperative configuration`, :term:`ZCML` or by a special ``@bfg_view`` decorator coupled with a :term:`scan`. See :ref:`views_chapter` for more information about view configuration. view name The "URL name" of a view, e.g ``index.html``. If a view is configured without a name, its name is considered to be the empty string (which implies the :term:`default view`). Default view The default view of a model is the view invoked when the :term:`view name` is the empty string (``''``). This is the case when :term:`traversal` exhausts the path elements in the PATH_INFO of a request before it returns a :term:`context`. virtualenv An isolated Python environment. Allows you to control which packages are used on a particular project by cloning your main Python. `virtualenv `_ was created by Ian Bicking. model An object representing data in the system. If :mod:`traversal` is used, a model is a node in the object graph traversed by the system. When traversal is used, a model instance becomes the :term:`context` of a :term:`view`. If :mod:`url dispatch` is used, a single :term:`context` is generated for each request and is used as the context of a view: this object is also technically a "model" in :mod:`repoze.bfg` terms, although this terminology can be a bit confusing: see :ref:`model_traversal_confusion`. traversal The act of descending "down" a graph of model objects from a root model in order to find a :term:`context`. The :mod:`repoze.bfg` :term:`router` performs traversal of model objects when a :term:`root factory` is specified. See the :ref:`traversal_chapter` chapter for more information. Traversal can be performed *instead* of :term:`URL dispatch` or can be combined *with* URL dispatch. See :ref:`hybrid_chapter` for more information about combining traversal and URL dispatch (advanced). router The :term:`WSGI` application created when you start a :mod:`repoze.bfg` application. The router intercepts requests, invokes traversal and/or URL dispatch, calls view functions, and returns responses to the WSGI server on behalf of your :mod:`repoze.bfg` application. URL dispatch An alternative to graph traversal as a mechanism for locating a :term:`context` for a :term:`view`. When you use a :term:`route` in your :mod:`repoze.bfg` application via a :term:`route configuration`, you are using URL dispatch. See the :ref:`urldispatch_chapter` for more information. context An object in the system that is found during :term:`traversal` or :term:`URL dispatch` based on URL data; if it's found via traversal, it's usually a :term:`model` object that is part of an object graph; if it's found via :term:`URL dispatch`, it's a object manufactured on behalf of the route's "factory". A context becomes the subject of a :term:`view`, and typically has security information attached to it. See the :ref:`traversal_chapter` chapter and the :ref:`urldispatch_chapter` chapter for more information about how a URL is resolved to a context. application registry A registry of configuration information consulted by :mod:`repoze.bfg` while servicing an application. An application registry maps model types to views, as well as housing other application-specific component registrations. Every :mod:`repoze.bfg` application has one (and only one) application registry. template A file with replaceable parts that is capable of representing some text, XML, or HTML when rendered. location The path to an object in an object graph. See :ref:`location_aware` for more information about how to make a model object *location-aware*. permission A string or unicode object that represents an action being taken against a context. A permission is associated with a view name and a model type by the developer. Models are decorated with security declarations (e.g. an :term:`ACL`), which reference these tokens also. Permissions are used by the active to security policy to match the view permission against the model's statements about which permissions are granted to which principal in a context in order to to answer the question "is this user allowed to do this". Examples of permissions: ``read``, or ``view_blog_entries``. ACE An *access control entry*. An access control entry is one element in an :term:`ACL`. An access control entry is a three-tuple that describes three things: an *action* (one of either ``Allow`` or ``Deny``), a :term:`principal` (a string describing a user or group), and a :term:`permission`. For example the ACE, ``(Allow, 'bob', 'read')`` is a member of an ACL that indicates that the principal ``bob`` is allowed the permission ``read`` against the context the ACL is attached to. ACL An *access control list*. An ACL is a sequence of :term:`ACE` tuples. An ACL is attached to a model instance. An example of an ACL is ``[ (Allow, 'bob', 'read'), (Deny, 'fred', 'write')]``. If an ACL is attached to a model instance, and that model instance is findable via the context, it will be consulted any active security policy to determine wither a particular request can be fulfilled given the :term:`authentication` information in the request. authentication The act of determining that the credentials a user presents during a particular request are "good". Authentication in :mod:`repoze.bfg` is performed via an :term:`authentication policy`. authorization The act of determining whether a user can perform a specific action. In bfg terms, this means determining whether, for a given context, any :term:`principal` (or principals) associated with the request have the requisite :term:`permission` to allow the request to continue. Authorization in :mod:`repoze.bfg` is performed via its :term:`authorization policy`. principal A *principal* is a string or unicode object representing a userid or a group id. It is provided by an :term:`authentication policy`. For example, if a user had the user id "bob", and Bob was part of two groups named "group foo" and "group bar", the request might have information attached to it that would indicate that Bob was represented by three principals: "bob", "group foo" and "group bar". authorization policy An authorization policy in :mod:`repoze.bfg` terms is a bit of code which has an API which determines whether or not the principals associated with the request can perform an action associated with a permission, based on the information found on the :term:`context`. authentication policy An authentication policy in :mod:`repoze.bfg` terms is a bit of code which has an API which determines the current :term:`principal` (or principals) associated with a request. WSGI `Web Server Gateway Interface `_. This is a Python standard for connecting web applications to web servers, similar to the concept of Java Servlets. ``repoze.bfg`` requires that your application be served as a WSGI application. middleware *Middleware* is a :term:`WSGI` concept. It is a WSGI component that acts both as a server and an application. Interesting uses for middleware exist, such as caching, content-transport encoding, and other functions. See `WSGI.org `_ or `PyPI `_ to find middleware for your application. pipeline The :term:`Paste` term for a single configuration of a WSGI server, a WSGI application, with a set of middleware in-between. Zope `The Z Object Publishing Framework `_, a full-featured Python web framework. Grok `A web framework based on Zope 3 `_. Django `A full-featured Python web framework `_. Pylons `A lightweight Python web framework `_. ZODB `Zope Object Database `_, a persistent Python object store. ZEO `Zope Enterprise Objects `_ allows multiple simultaneous processes to access a single :term:`ZODB` database. WebOb `WebOb `_ is a WSGI request/response library created by Ian Bicking. Paste `Paste `_ is a WSGI development and deployment system developed by Ian Bicking. PasteDeploy `PasteDeploy `_ is a library used by :mod:`repoze.bfg` which makes it possible to configure :term:`WSGI` components together declaratively within an ``.ini`` file. It was developed by Ian Bicking as part of :term:`Paste`. Chameleon `chameleon `_ is an attribute language template compiler which supports both the :term:`ZPT` and :term:`Genshi` templating specifications. It is written and maintained by Malthe Borch. It has several extensions, such as the ability to use bracketed (Genshi-style) ``${name}`` syntax, even within ZPT. It is also much faster than the reference implementations of both ZPT and Genshi. :mod:`repoze.bfg` offers Chameleon templating out of the box in ZPT and text flavors. ZPT The `Zope Page Template `_ templating language. METAL `Macro Expansion for TAL `_, a part of :term:`ZPT` which makes it possible to share common look and feel between templates. Genshi An `XML templating language `_ by Christopher Lenz. Jinja2 A `text templating language `_ by Armin Ronacher. Routes A `system by Ben Bangert `_ which parses URLs and compares them against a number of user defined mappings. The URL pattern matching syntax in :mod:`repoze.bfg` is inspired by the Routes syntax (which was inspired by Ruby On Rails pattern syntax). route A single pattern matched by the :term:`url dispatch` subsystem, which generally resolves to a :term:`root factory` (and then ultimately a :term:`view`). See also :term:`url dispatch`. route configuration Route configuration is the act of using :term:`imperative configuration` or a :term:`ZCML` ```` statement to associate request parameters with a particular :term:`route` using pattern matching and :term:`route predicate` statements. See :ref:`urldispatch_chapter` for more information about route configuration. ZCML `Zope Configuration Markup Language `_, an XML dialect used by Zope and :mod:`repoze.bfg` for configuration tasks. ZCML is capable of performing different types of :term:`configuration declaration`, but its primary purpose in :mod:`repoze.bfg` is to perform :term:`view configuration` and :term:`route configuration` within the ``configure.zcml`` file in a :mod:`repoze.bfg` application. You can use ZCML as an alternative to :term:`imperative configuration`. ZCML directive A ZCML "tag" such as ```` or ````. ZCML declaration The concrete use of a :term:`ZCML directive` within a ZCML file. Zope Component Architecture The `Zope Component Architecture `_ (aka ZCA) is a system which allows for application pluggability and complex dispatching based on objects which implement an :term:`interface`. :mod:`repoze.bfg` uses the ZCA "under the hood" to perform view dispatching and other application configuration tasks. reStructuredText A `plain text format `_ that is the defacto standard for descriptive text shipped in :term:`distribution` files, and Python docstrings. This documentation is authored in ReStructuredText format. root The object at which :term:`traversal` begins when :mod:`repoze.bfg` searches for a :term:`context` (for :term:`URL Dispatch`, the root is *always* the context). subpath A list of element "left over" after the :term:`router` has performed a successful traversal to a view. The subpath is a sequence of strings, e.g. ``['left', 'over', 'names']``. Within Pyramid applications that use URL dispatch rather than traversal, you can use ``*subpath`` in the route pattern to influence the subpath. See :ref:`star_subpath` for more information. interface A `Zope interface `_ object. In :mod:`repoze.bfg`, an interface may be attached to a :term:`model` object or a :term:`request` object in order to identify that the object is "of a type". Interfaces are used internally by :mod:`repoze.bfg` to perform view lookups and other policy lookups. The ability to make use of an interface is exposed to an application programmers during :term:`view configuration` via the ``context`` argument, the ``request_type`` argument and the ``containment`` argument. Interfaces are also exposed to application developers when they make use of the :term:`event` system. Fundamentally, :mod:`repoze.bfg` programmers can think of an interface as something that they can attach to an object that stamps it with a "type" unrelated to its underlying Python type. Interfaces can also be used to describe the behavior of an object (its methods and attributes), but unless they choose to, :mod:`repoze.bfg` programmers do not need to understand or use this feature of interfaces. event An object broadcast to zero or more :term:`subscriber` callables during normal :mod:`repoze.bfg` system operations during the lifetime of an application. Application code can subscribe to these events by using the subscriber functionality described in :ref:`events_chapter`. subscriber A callable which receives an :term:`event`. A callable becomes a subscriber via :term:`imperative configuration` or the ```` ZCML directive. See :ref:`events_chapter` for more information. request type An attribute of a :term:`request` that allows for specialization of view invocation based on arbitrary categorization. The every :term:`request` object that :mod:`repoze.bfg` generates and manipulates has one or more :term:`interface` objects attached to it. The default interface attached to a request object is ``repoze.bfg.interfaces.IRequest``. repoze.lemonade Zope2 CMF-like `data structures and helper facilities `_ for CA-and-ZODB-based applications useful within :mod:`repoze.bfg` applications. repoze.catalog An indexing and search facility (fielded and full-text) based on `zope.index `_. See `the documentation `_ for more information. A tutorial for its usage in :mod:`repoze.bfg` exists in :ref:`catalog_tutorial`. repoze.who `Authentication middleware `_ for :term:`WSGI` applications. It can be used by :mod:`repoze.bfg` to provide authentication information. repoze.workflow `Barebones workflow for Python apps `_ . It can be used by :mod:`repoze.bfg` to form a workflow system. virtual root A model object representing the "virtual" root of a request; this is typically the physical root object (the object returned by the application root factory) unless :ref:`vhosting_chapter` is in use. lineage An ordered sequence of objects based on a ":term:`location` -aware" context. The lineage of any given :term:`context` is composed of itself, its parent, its parent's parent, and so on. The order of the sequence is context-first, then the parent of the context, then its parent's parent, and so on. The parent of an object in a lineage is available as its ``__parent__`` attribute. root factory The "root factory" of an :mod:`repoze.bfg` application is called on every request sent to the application. The root factory returns the traversal root of an application. It is conventionally named ``get_root``. An application may supply a root factory to :mod:`repoze.bfg` during the construction of a :term:`Configurator`. If a root factory is not supplied, the application uses a default root object. Use of the default root object is useful in application which use :term:`URL dispatch` for all URL-to-view code mappings. SQLAlchemy `SQLAlchemy' `_ is an object relational mapper used in tutorials within this documentation. JSON `JavaScript Object Notation `_ is a data serialization format. renderer A serializer that can be referred to via :term:`view configuration` which converts a non-:term:`Response` return values from a :term:`view` into a string (and ultimately a response). Using a renderer can make writing views that require templating or other serialization less tedious. See :ref:`views_which_use_a_renderer` for more information. renderer factory A factory which creates a :term:`renderer`. See :ref:`adding_and_overriding_renderers` for more information. mod_wsgi `mod_wsgi `_ is an Apache module developed by Graham Dumpleton. It allows :term:`WSGI` applications (such as applications developed using :mod:`repoze.bfg`) to be served using the Apache web server. view predicate An argument to a :term:`view configuration` which evaluates to ``True`` or ``False`` for a given :term:`request`. All predicates attached to a view configuration must evaluate to true for the associated view to be considered as a possible callable for a given request. route predicate An argument to a :term:`route configuration` which implies a value that evaluates to ``True`` or ``False`` for a given :term:`request`. All predicates attached to a :term:`route configuration` must evaluate to ``True`` for the associated route to "match" the current request. If a route does not match the current request, the next route (in definition order) is attempted. routes mapper An object which compares path information from a request to an ordered set of route patterns. See :ref:`urldispatch_chapter`. predicate A test which returns ``True`` or ``False``. Two different types of predicates exist in :mod:`repoze.bfg`: a :term:`view predicate` and a :term:`route predicate`. View predicates are attached to :term:`view configuration` and route predicates are attached to :term:`route configuration`. decorator A wrapper around a Python function or class which accepts the function or class as its first argument and which returns an arbitrary object. :mod:`repoze.bfg` provides several decorators, used for configuration and return value modification purposes. See also `PEP 318 `_. configuration declaration An individual method call made to an instance of a :mod:`repoze.bfg` :term:`Configurator` object which performs an arbitrary action, such as registering a :term:`view configuration` (via the ``view`` method of the configurator) or :term:`route configuration` (via the ``route`` method of the configurator). A set of configuration declarations is also usually implied via the use of a :term:`ZCML declaration` within an application, or a set of configuration declarations might be performed by a :term:`scan` of code in a package. configuration decoration Metadata implying one or more :term:`configuration declaration` invocations. Often set by configuration Python :term:`decorator` attributes, such as ``repoze.bfg.view.bfg_view``, aka ``@bfg_view``. scan The term used by :mod:`repoze.bfg` to define the process of importing and examining all code in a Python package or module for :term:`configuration decoration`. configurator An object used to do :term:`configuration declaration` within an application. The most common configurator is an instance of the ``repoze.bfg.configuration.Configurator`` class. imperative configuration The configuration mode in which you use Python to call methods on a :term:`Configurator` in order to add each :term:`configuration declaration` required by your application. declarative configuration The configuration mode in which you use :term:`ZCML` to make a set of :term:`configuration declaration` statements. Not Found view An :term:`exception view` invoked by :mod:`repoze.bfg` when the developer explicitly raises a ``repoze.bfg.exceptions.NotFound`` exception from within :term:`view` code or :term:`root factory` code, or when the current request doesn't match any :term:`view configuration`. :mod:`repoze.bfg` provides a default implementation of a not found view; it can be overridden. See :ref:`changing_the_notfound_view`. Forbidden view An :term:`exception view` invoked by :mod:`repoze.bfg` when the developer explicitly raises a ``repoze.bfg.exceptions.Forbidden`` exception from within :term:`view` code or :term:`root factory` code, or when the :term:`view configuration` and :term:`authorization policy` found for a request disallows a particular view invocation. :mod:`repoze.bfg` provides a default implementation of a forbidden view; it can be overridden. See :ref:`changing_the_forbidden_view`. Exception view An exception view is a :term:`view callable` which may be invoked by :mod:`repoze.bfg` when an exception is raised during request processing. See :ref:`exception_views` for more information. thread local A thread-local variable is one which is essentially a global variable in terms of how it is accessed and treated, however, each `thread ` used by the application may have a different value for this same "global" variable. :mod:`repoze.bfg` uses a small number of thread local variables, as described in :ref:`threadlocals_chapter`. See also the `threading.local documentation ` for more information. multidict An ordered dictionary that can have multiple values for each key. Adds the methods ``getall``, ``getone``, ``mixed``, and ``add`` to the normal dictionary interface. See http://pythonpaste.org/webob/class-webob.multidict.MultiDict.html PyPI `The Python Package Index `_, a collection of software available for Python. Agendaless Consulting A consulting organization formed by Paul Everitt, Tres Seaver, and Chris McDonough. See also http://agendaless.com . Jython A `Python implementation ` written for the Java Virtual Machine. Python The `programming language ` in which :mod:`repoze.bfg` is written. CPython The C implementation of the Python language. This is the reference implementation that most people refer to as simply "Python"; :term:`Jython`, Google's App Engine, and `PyPy `_ are examples of non-C based Python implementations. View Lookup The act of finding and invoking the "best" :term:`view callable` given a :term:`request`, a :term:`context`, and a :term:`view name`. Context Finding The act of locating a :term:`context` and a :term:`view name` given a :term:`request`. :term:`Traversal` and :term:`URL dispatch` are the context finding subsystems used by :mod:`repoze.bfg`. Triad The three bits of information used by :term:`view lookup` to find "the best" view callable for a given circumstance: a :term:`context` type, a :term:`view name` and a :term:`request`. Google App Engine `Google App Engine `_ (aka "GAE") is a Python application hosting service offered by Google. :mod:`repoze.bfg` runs on GAE. Venusian `Venusian `_ is a library which allows framework authors to defer decorator actions. Instead of taking actions when a function (or class) decorator is executed at import time, the action usually taken by the decorator is deferred until a separate "scan" phase. :mod:`repoze.bfg` relies on Venusian to provide a basis for its :term:`scan` feature. Translation String An instance of :class:`repoze.bfg.i18n.TranslationString`, which is a class that behaves like a Unicode string, but has several extra attributes such as ``domain``, ``msgid``, and ``mapping`` for use during translation. Translation strings are usually created by hand within software, but are sometimes created on the behalf of the system for automatic template translation. For more information, see :ref:`i18n_chapter`. Translation Domain A string representing the "context" in which a translation was made. For example the word "java" might be translated differently if the translation domain is "programming-languages" than would be if the translation domain was "coffee". A translation domain is represnted by a collection of ``.mo`` files within one or more :term:`translation directory` directories. Translator A callable which receives a :term:`translation string` and returns a translated Unicode object for the purposes of internationalization. A :term:`localizer` supplies a translator to a :mod:`repoze.bfg` application accessible via its ``translate`` method. Translation Directory A translation directory is a :term:`gettext` translation directory. It contains language folders, which themselves contain ``LC_MESSAGES`` folders, which contain ``.mo`` files. Each ``.mo`` file represents a set of translations for a language in a :term:`translation domain`. The name of the ``.mo`` file (minus the .mo extension) is the translation domain name. Localizer An instance of the class :class:`repoze.bfg.i18n.Localizer` which provides translation and pluralization services to an application. It is retrieved via the :func:`repoze.bfg.i18n.get_localizer` function. Locale Name A string like ``en``, ``en_US``, ``de``, or ``de_AT`` which uniquely identifies a particular locale. Default Locale Name The :term:`locale name` used by an application when no explicit locale name is set. See :ref:`localization_deployment_settings`. Locale Negotiator An object supplying a policy determining which :term:`locale name` best represents a given :term:`request`. It is used by the :func:`repoze.bfg.i18n.get_locale_name`, and :func:`repoze.bfg.i18n.negotiate_locale_name` functions, and indirectly by :func:`repoze.bfg.i18n.get_localizer`. The :func:`repoze.bfg.i18n.default_locale_negotiator` function is an example of a locale negotiator. Gettext The GNU `gettext `_ library, used by the :mod:`repoze.bfg` translation machinery. Babel A `collection of tools `_ for internationalizing Python applications. :mod:`repoze.bfg` does not depend on Babel to operate, but if Babel is installed, additional locale functionality becomes available to your application. Message Identifier A string used as a translation lookup key during localization. The ``msgid`` argument to a :term:`translation string` is a message identifier. Message identifiers are also present in a :term:`message catalog`. Message Catalog A :term:`gettext` ``.mo`` file containing translations. Internationalization The act of creating software with a user interface that can potentially be displayed in more than one language or cultural context. Often shortened to "i18n" (because the word "internationalization" is I, 18 letters, then N). See also: :term:`Localization`. Localization The process of displaying the user interface of an internationalized application in a particular language or cultural context. Often shortened to "l10" (because the word "localization" is L, 10 letters, then N). See also: :term:`Internationalization`. renderer globals Values injected as names into a renderer based on application policy. See :ref:`adding_renderer_globals` for more information. response callback A user-defined callback executed by the :term:`router` at a point after a :term:`response` object is successfully created. See :ref:`using_response_callbacks`. finished callback A user-defined callback executed by the :term:`router` unconditionally at the very end of request processing . See :ref:`using_finished_callbacks`. pregenerator A pregenerator is a function associated by a developer with a :term:`route`. It is called by :func:`repoze.bfg.url.route_url` in order to adjust the set of arguments passed to it by the user for special purposes. It will influence the URL returned by ``route_url``. See :class:`repoze.bfg.interfaces.IRoutePregenerator` for more information.